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Yet, the text was performed in public in and constituted the first post-War international philosophical event. Yet, the text is important in itself, especially if read in tandem with Being and Nothingness. In the following, I would like to undertake a critical reading of Sartre's Existentialism is a Humanism against the background of the persistent question of subjectivism. Indeed, this is one of the primary charges against his philosophy with which he begins his address.
To this extent, Existentialism is a Humanism could be seen as an attempt to clarify and address criticisms of Being and Nothingness , which had found many enemies amongst the public. The dissemination of a philosophy is often fraught with misunderstanding, as it, as Nietzsche writes, wanders the earth as a fear inspiring grotesque.
This of course consists in the relationship between the absolute certainty of the 'I think' and its fundamental relationship with the public Offenbark human reality. The question is how we are to read this 'dialectic' or perhaps identity between the 'I think' and human Dasein.
The recourse to Descartes, Sartre alludes, consists in a concern for human dignity, of certainty, and surprisingly enough, optimism. Yet, as Heidegger contends in his criticisms of Sartre — not to mention his own radical criticism of Descartes in Being and Time an allegedly fundamental text for Sartrean philosophy , the Cartesian starting point gives us no authentic access to the finite human self as this self is primordially being in the world, a worldliness that is de facto excluded by the Cartesian 'I think'.
Sartre has said that his concern is that of dignity. Yet, is his dignity of decision in fact nothing more than a bracketing of the world and the other, an act of subjective violence, a decisionism expressing some collectivist zeitgeist? Does this moral or ethical assertion of dignity dignitas betray an essence, at least one that is historical, of the status of the human?
Moreover, is the notion that existence precedes essence the same as beginning with the subjective? Is this not already an essence, and one that has been determined by a historically established philosophy Descartes? If we begin in this way, are we not already proceeding in the manner of production, as with a formula or technique? He begins by listing the charges with which he has been reproached. These charges and their authors are: 1. Quietism, contemplative, incapable of action Communist 2.
Voluntarism, corollary of subjectivism; lack of moral objectivity Christian and Platonist, such as Iris Murdoch. Sartre immediately begins by giving provisional responses to the charges.
It is therefore not quietistic, but is a doctrine in which truth and action have an environment and a human subjectivity. EH, p. Sartre distinguishes existentialism from production in which essence precedes existence, as with the manufacture of an object based upon a formula or technique. He compares such an originary essence to the notion of a God as creator. Sartre states, God makes man according to a procedure and a conception, exactly as the artisan manufactures a paper-knife, following a definition and a formula.
Thus, each individual man is the realisation of a certain conception which dwells in the divine understanding.
Kant for instance held that all humans, indeed, all rational beings, were in essence, the same. We mean that man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world, and defines himself afterwards. He also describes abandonment as the loneliness that atheists feel when they realize that there is no God to prescribe a way of life, no guidance for people on how to live; that we're abandoned in the sense of being alone in the universe and the arbiters of our own essence.
Sartre closes his work by emphasizing that existentialism, as it is a philosophy of action and one's defining oneself, is optimistic and liberating. First published in French in , Existentialism and Humanism was published in an English translation by Philip Mairet in In the United States, the work was originally published as Existentialism. Existentialism Is a Humanism has been 'a popular starting-point in discussions of existentialist thought,' [3] and in Thomas Baldwin's words, 'seized the imagination of a generation.
Anderson criticized Sartre for asserting without explanation that if a person seeks freedom from false, external authorities, then he or she must invariably allow this freedom for others.
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